Table 1.
B cell lymphomasm and mechanisms of pathogenesis.
| Lymphoma | Characteristics | Suggested cellular origins | Chromosomal translocations | Tumor suppressor gene mutations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-CLL | B cell leukemia with the expression of antigen CD5 in bone marrow cells and peripheral blood. The prognosis is worse when the normal V region gene is expressed. | MZ MB Naive B cell |
NA | ATM [30%], TP53 [15%] (13, 14) |
| Mantle cell lymphoma | Begins in the mantle zone of follicles, expresses CD5, and shows anomalies in the expression of cyclin D1. Almost all cases are linked to changes in BCL1-IgH. | CD5+ Mantle zone | CCND1-IgH [95%] (15) | ATM [40%] (16) |
| Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma | Shows a specific B cell phenotype in tissues. Grows in conjunction with follicular dendritic and T helper cells. | GC | BCL6-various [48%] (17) | NA |
| Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma | Large tumor cells. Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin's cells account for >1% of tumor cells. | Abnormal GC | NA | IKBA [10–20%] (18), IKBE [10%] (19), CD95 [<10%] (20) |
| Multiple myelomas | Plasma cells proliferate in the bone marrow. | Plasma cells |
CCND1-IgH [15–20%] (21), FGFR3-IgH [10%] (22), MAF-IgH [5–10%] (23) |
CD95 [10%] (24) |
| Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma | This cancer involves bone marrow, spleens, and lymph nodes and is composed of small B cells. Patients' sera exhibit monoclonal protein IgM. | Post GC | PAX5-IgH [50%] (25) | NA |
| Primary effusion lymphoma | Mostly present in AIDS or organ transplant patients. Such type of lymphoma found in cavities, pleura, and pericardium. | Post GC | NA | NA |
| Post-transplant lymphoma | Arises after organ transplantation, such as diffuse large cell type of lymphoma. | GC | NA | NA |
| Primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma | A subtype of diffuse B cell large lymphoma located in the mediastinum. Shows similarities to Reed-Sternberg cells. Mostly found in young women. | Thymic B cells | NA | SOCS1 [40%] (26) |
| Diffuse large B cell lymphoma | This type of lymphoma is a heterogeneous group typified by large B cells. Immunoblasts and centroblasts show morphological adaptations. | GC or post GC | BCL6-various [35%] (27), BCL2-IgH [15–30%] (28), MYC-IgH or MYC-IgL [15%] (29) | CD95 [10–20%] (30), ATM [15%] (31), TP53 [25%] (32, 33) |
| Burkitt's lymphoma | An extranodal and fast-growing lymphoma characterized by MYC-Ig translocation. Mostly, EBV positive in patients and the sporadic form is present in about 30% of cases. | GC | MYC-IgH or MYC-IgL [100%] (34, 35) | TP53 [40%] (36), RB2 [20–80%] (37) |
| Splenic MZ lymphoma | Mostly small IgD+ lymphoma cells that replace normal follicles and the MZ region. Involves infiltration into the bone marrow and circulation. | Naïve B cells partially differentiated in the MZ | NA | NA |
| Nodal MZ lymphoma | Present in lymph nodes. The similarity with MZ or monocytoid B cells, with a mostly heterogeneous cytology. Includes plasma cell and lymphocytes range from small to large. | MZ Monocytoid B cells |
NA | NA |
| MALT lymphoma | An extranodal MZ B cell lymphoma that develops in acquired lymphoid structures. | MZ | API2–MALT1 [30%] (38), BCL10–IgH [5%] (39, 40), MALT1–IgH [15–20%] (41), FOXP1–IgH [10%] (42) | CD95 (5–12, 43–111) |
| Hairy cell leukemia | Involves the bone marrow and spleen. Few circulating leukemia cells. Cells form hairy projections. | MB | NA | NA |
| Follicular lymphoma | Resemble GC B cells. Follicular growth pattern. Associated with BCL2-IgH translocation. | GC | BCL2-IgH [90%] (112) | NA |
| B cell prolymphocytic leukemia | Chronic B cell malignancy that resembles B cell CLL. More than 50% of cancer cells are prolymphocytes. | MB | NA | NA |
A list of B cell malignancies that have a direct or indirect role in the progression, maintenance, or survival of CLL cells. Numbers in square brackets are the percentages of known cases that carry mutations in this gene. Lymphomas in which the transformation frequency is >5% or the transformation mechanism has not yet been identified are not listed.
AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; Ig, immunoglobulin; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; GC, germinal center; MZ, marginal zone; API2, apoptosis inhibitor 2; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; B-CLL, B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CCND1, cyclin D1; FGFR3, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3; FOXP1, forkhead box P1; IKBA, inhibitor of nuclear factor-κBα; IKBE, inhibitor of nuclear factor-κBε; MALT1, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1; PAX5, paired box gene 5; RB2, retinoblastoma-related gene 2; SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; NA, not available.