Table 3.
Univariate analyses of the association between baseline variables and successful outcome on sick leave, disability and pain
| Variable | Sick leave (n = 161) | Disability (n = 369) | Pain (n = 363) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | n | OR | 95% CI | n | OR | 95% CI | n | |
| Sex, female | 1.17 | 0.57–2.40 | 161 | 1.18 | 0.78–1.77 | 369 | 1.80* | 1.19–2.73 | 363 |
| Age, years | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 161 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 369 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 363 |
| Body Mass Index | 0.30L | 0.03–2.91 | 157 | 0.81 L | 0.22–2.96 | 359 | 0.33 L ⋄ | 0.09–1.25 | 353 |
| Education after primary school | 159 | 363 | 357 | ||||||
| <2 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 2–4 years | 1.00 | 0.43–2.32 | 1.44⋄ | 0.84–2.48 | 1.03 | 0.60–1.78 | |||
| >4 years | 0.91 | 0.08–9.74 | 2.40⋄ | 0.80–1.16 | 1.46 | 0.51–4.17 | |||
| Other | 0.38 | 0.09–1.69 | 1.71 | 0.58–5.05 | 0.91 | 0.30–2.73 | |||
| Current smoker, no | 2.26* | 1.06–4.80 | 159 | 1.44♦ | 0.95–2.19 | 365 | 1.72* | 1.13–2.63 | 359 |
| Alcohol, >7 units/week | 1.18 | 0.48–2.86 | 155 | 0.79 | 0.49–1.28 | 360 | 1.24 | 0.76–2.03 | 355 |
| Physical activity level leisure, little-some | 1.07 | 0.42–2.77 | 157 | 0.85 | 0.52–1.38 | 362 | 1.30 | 0.80–2.12 | 356 |
| Sick leave, yes | – | – | 161 | 1.14 | 0.75–1.72 | 365 | 1.27 | 0.83–1.92 | 259 |
| Duration of sick leave, weeks | 0.67 L ♦ | 0.45–1.01 | 150 | ||||||
| Employment, no | 0.49♦ | 0.23–1.05 | 157 | 0.58* | 0.35–0.98 | 363 | 0.92 | 0.56–1.53 | 357 |
| Compensation case, no | 1.52 | 0.63–3.71 | 153 | 1.17 | 0.66–2.09 | 350 | 1.91* | 1.04–3.49 | 345 |
| Physical job demands | 156 | 360 | 355 | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Little | 1.13 | 0.30–4.33 | 0.53♦ | 0.28–1.02 | 0.71 | 0.37–1.36 | |||
| Some | 0.84 | 0.32–2.21 | 1.03 | 0.62–1.71 | 1.01 | 0.61–1.67 | |||
| Heavy | 0.58 | 0.20–1.67 | 0.62⋄ | 0.33–1.17 | 0.34** | 0.17–0.68 | |||
| Physical health, 0–100 | 1.01∅ | 0.96–1.06 | 142 | 0.99∅ | 0.96–1.01 | 327 | 0.99∅ | 0.96–1.01 | 322 |
| Mental health, 0–100 | 1.04♦∅ | 0.99–1.08 | 142 | 0.99∅ | 0.97–1.00 | 327 | 1.00∅ | 0.98–1.02 | 322 |
| Depression, 0–4 | 0.86 | 0.56–1.34 | 158 | 1.04 L | 0.82–1.32 | 344 | 1.02 L | 0.80–1.29 | 339 |
| Anxiety, 0–4 | 2.34 L ∅ | 0.59–3.87 | 141 | 1.03 L ∅ | 0.81–1.32 | 318 | 0.95 L ∅ | 0.74–1.22 | 313 |
| Duration low back pain, ≥12 months | 0.83 | 0.39–1.76 | 152 | 0.36** | 0.23–0.55 | 350 | 0.67♦ | 0.44–1.02 | 346 |
| Pain intensity, 0–30 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.03 | 159 | 0.97♦ | 0.93–1.00 | 366 | 1.10** | 1.05–1.14 | 363 |
| Age at first episode of low back pain, years | 0.98⋄∅ | 0.95–1.01 | 150 | 1.23 L ∅ | 0.76–2.00 | 355 | 1.02 L ∅ | 0.63–1.66 | 349 |
| Family history of low back pain, no | 1.26 | 0.61–2.63 | 158 | 1.11 | 0.73–1.69 | 363 | 1.16 | 0.76–1.77 | 357 |
| Disability, 0–23 | 0.99 | 0.91–1.07 | 161 | 1.08** | 1.04–1.13 | 369 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 363 |
| Fear avoidance beliefs work, 0–42 | 0.93** | 0.88–0.98 | 145 | 0.98♦ | 0.96–1.00 | 341 | 0.98* | 0.96–0.99 | 335 |
| Fear avoidance beliefs physical activity, 0–24 | 0.97 | 0.90–1.04 | 149 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.04 | 346 | 0.98 | 0.94–1.02 | 340 |
| Group, intervention | 0.98 | 0.48–2.02 | 161 | 1.15 | 0.76–1.74 | 369 | 1.64* | 1.08–2.50 | 363 |
OR Odds ratio, CI confidence intervals, LLogarithmic transformed, *p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01, ♦p-value < 0.1, ⋄p-value < 0.2, ∅removed due to collinearity