Table 3.

Correlates of loneliness in the older adults in Shanghai in the young old and in the old old

	Young old (60–79)				Old old (80+)
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Age	0.06*	0.01	0.02	−0.01	0.12	0.17*	0.11	0.10
Gender (female = 0)	0.45	0.60*	0.34	0.28	−1.14	−0.86	−0.91	− 0.87
Urban hukou (rural = 0)	−0.68*	− 0.51	−0.64*	− 0.43	−0.88	− 0.86	−0.72	− 0.72
Marital status (married = 0)
Single	2.78*	2.27	2.36*	2.42*	4.42	4.53	3.22	3.12
Divorce	3.99***	3.71***	2.68***	2.79***	−1.40	−1.04	−2.39	−2.48
Widow	0.90	0.92*	0.86*	0.88*	−.1.34*	−1.26	−0.76	−0.79
Education (primary school or lower =0)
Junior high	−0.13	−0.01	0.16	0.44	−0.07	0.03	−0.06	−0.11
High	−1.74***	−1.51***	− 1.17**	−0.53	0.77	0.81	0.29	0.53
Bachelor	−1.95***	−1.61***	− 1.19**	−0.22	−0.83	− 0.53	−0.99	− 0.54
Living arrangement (living with others = 0)	0.40	0.59	0.58	0.57	1.91**	1.76*	1.45*	1.43*
Self-rated health		−1.15***	−0.90***	−0.88***		−1.45***	− 1.09**	− 1.06**
IADL		1.19***	0.85**	0.72**		−0.15	− 0.29	− 0.34
Chronic disease		0.12	0.14*	0.15*		0.18	0.18	0.19
Family functioning			−4.25***	−4.10***			−3.94***	−3.92***
Chatting with neighbors			−0.16***	−0.15***			−0.14	−.15*
Volunteering			−0.92**	−0.93**			2.23	2.48
Playing mahjong			−0.06	−0.07			−0.12	−0.13
Dancing			−0.14*	−0.11			0.13	0.10
Media use				−0.56***				−0.85
R2	4.9%	9.5%	17.1%	18.2%	5.1%	10.8%	18.6%	19.3%

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. IADL instrumental activities of daily living