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. 2018 Dec 3;11:323. doi: 10.1186/s13068-018-1319-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Improving fumarate production by overexpression of fumarase genes. a Series of gene expression cassettes with various fumarase genes under control of strong constitutive promoter. b Fumarate production in shake-flask culture of mutants overexpressing various fumarase genes. c Specific enzyme activities of fumarase (fumarate to malate) in transformants. Enzymatic activity of fumarase in strain SG103 served as the control. Data are average of three replicates with standard error