Fig. 3.

Effects of engineering fumaric acid metabolism on fumarate production. a Schematic of homologous recombination (HR) of target gene mediated by Cas9, gRNA, and donor DNA. b Fumarate production by strains with the deletion of genes involved in fumarate consumption. The strains SG301, SG302, and SG303 were cultured with glucose as carbon source in Erlenmeyer flask for 3 days and titers of fumarate were determined. c The titer of malate in shake-flask culture of SG301, SG302, and SG303 strains and the parental strain SG202. Data are average of three replicates with standard error