Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of participants
| AST/ALT | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 89 | 138 | 207 | 212 | ||
| AGE (years, mean ± sd) | 49.0 ± 9.7 | 50.7 ± 8.6 | 51.7 ± 9.5 | 52.7 ± 10.0 | 0.017 | 0.015 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± sd) | 23.1 ± 2.2 | 22.5 ± 2.5 | 22.0 ± 2.4 | 21.4 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg, mean ± sd) | 120.7 ± 16.3 | 118.8 ± 13.0 | 116.8 ± 15.3 | 116.0 ± 13.8 | 0.040 | 0.071 |
| DBP (mmHg, mean ± sd) | 76.5 ± 10.0 | 76.1 ± 9.3 | 73.6 ± 9.9 | 72.7 ± 9.7 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| GGT (IU/L, mean ± sd) | 21.0(17.0–40.0) | 21.5(15.0–33.0) | 16.0(12.0–20.0) | 14.0 (11.0–18.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl, mean ± sd) | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL, mean ± sd) | 98.2 ± 9.4 | 96.8 ± 9.6 | 95.6 ± 9.0 | 92.4 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL, mean ± sd) | 206.4 ± 32.5 | 207.1 ± 35.7 | 206.1 ± 35.2 | 207.8 ± 36.2 | 0.970 | 0.935 |
| LDL (mg/dL, mean ± sd) | 127.1 ± 29.9 | 125.3 ± 31.2 | 123.4 ± 30.2 | 122.6 ± 32.1 | 0.646 | 0.594 |
| eGFR(mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± sd) | 71.0 ± 12.2 | 70.1 ± 11.3 | 71.9 ± 11.7 | 70.5 ± 12.9 | 0.498 | 0.434 |
| baPWV (cm/s, mean ± sd) | 1403.4 ± 270.1 | 1383.0 ± 216.9 | 1380.7 ± 225.9 | 1393.5 ± 250.3 | 0.866 | 0.844 |
| SEX (n,%) | < 0.001 | – | ||||
| male | 77 (86.5%) | 105 (76.1%) | 103 (49.8%) | 87 (41.0%) | ||
| female | 12 (13.5%) | 33 (23.9%) | 104 (50.2%) | 125 (59.0%) | ||
| Current smokig (n,%) | < 0.001 | – | ||||
| none | 62 (69.7%) | 98 (71.0%) | 170 (82.1%) | 187 (88.2%) | ||
| Current | 27 (30.3%) | 40 (29.0%) | 37 (17.9%) | 25 (11.8%) | ||
| Ex-Smoking (n,%) | < 0.001 | – | ||||
| no | 32 (36.0%) | 60 (43.5%) | 125 (60.4%) | 129 (60.8%) | ||
| yes | 57 (64.0%) | 78 (56.5%) | 82 (39.6%) | 83 (39.2%) | ||
| Regular Exercise (> 1 week) (n,%) | 0.039 | – | ||||
| No | 78 (87.6%) | 104 (77.0%) | 155 (77.1%) | 151 (72.2%) | ||
| Yes | 11 (12.4%) | 31 (23.0%) | 46 (22.9%) | 58 (27.8%) | ||
| Post-Menopausal (n,%) | 0.692 | – | ||||
| no | 7 (58.3%) | 17 (51.5%) | 45 (43.3%) | 57 (45.6%) | ||
| yes | 5 (41.7%) | 16 (48.5%) | 59 (56.7%) | 68 (54.4%) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (n,%) | 0.043 | – | ||||
| < 40 (g/week) | 59 (66.3%) | 72 (52.9%) | 148 (71.8%) | 140 (66.7%) | ||
| ≤ 40–140 | 16 (18.0%) | 29 (21.3%) | 31 (15.0%) | 31 (14.8%) | ||
| > 140–280 | 4 (4.5%) | 18 (13.2%) | 15 (7.3%) | 20 (9.5%) | ||
| > 280 | 10 (11.2%) | 17 (12.5%) | 12 (5.8%) | 19 (9.0%) | ||
| ABI | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.055 | < 0.001 |
ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate transaminase, baPWV brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, GGT γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic pressure, DBP Diastole pressure, Tg triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, ABI ankle-brachial index