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. 2018 Oct 26;23(11):2778. doi: 10.3390/molecules23112778

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A schematic representation of the main molecular pathways linked to inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities modulated by Curcumin and Echinacea. The solid red line indicates the activation of the pathway, whereas the truncated red line indicates inhibition of the pathway. JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription; SOCS: Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling proteins; TLR-4: Toll-like Receptor-4; MyD88: Myeloid Differentiation primary response 88; NF-κB: Nuclear Factor kappa B; MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; HO-1: Heme Oxygenase-1; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor.