Table 1.

Cellulose nanoparticles production with DES pre-treatment, particle morphology, surface functionality, yield after pre-treatment, and carboxyl content.

Sample Label	Morphology	DES Treatment	Chemical Reaction	Yield [%]	Anionic Charge [mmol·g−1]
NON-F-CNF	Fibril	C5H14ClNO/Urea	No surface funct.	>99	0.28
SF-CNF	Fibril	Urea/LiCl + succinic anhydride	Succinylation	93	0.67
SF-CNC	Crystal	C2H2O4∙2 H2O/C5H14ClNO	Carboxylation	75	0.17
REF-CNC	Crystal	-	-	-	0.15