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. 2018 Nov 9;23(11):2934. doi: 10.3390/molecules23112934

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Proposed mechanism of FSE for the enhancement of glucose uptake in L6 cells. FSE promotes GLUT4 expression and translocation via the activation the AMPK, IP3K/Akt, and G protein-PLC-PKC pathways. Moreover, the increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ induced by the G-protein-PLC-IP3-IP3R-Ca²⁺ pathway or/and by extracellular Ca²⁺ influx assists GLUT4 trafficking and fusion to PM, ultimately triggering glucose uptake.