Table 2.

Crude and adjusted hazard ratios for association between use of DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists and risk of cholangiocarcinoma

Exposure*	No of events	Person years	Incidence rate (95% CI)†	Crude hazard ratio	Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)‡
Other second or third line antidiabetic drugs	33	223 531	14.8 (10.2 to 20.7)	1.00	1.00 (reference)
DPP-4 inhibitors	27	103 362	26.1 (17.2 to 38.0)	1.70	1.77 (1.04 to 3.01)
GLP-1 receptor agonists	7	37 041	18.9 (7.6 to 38.9)	1.20	1.97 (0.83 to 4.66)

DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1=glucagon-like peptide-1.

^*Use of first line antidiabetic drugs was considered in models, but not presented in table. This group generated 38 events and 250 340 person years, yielding an incidence rate of 15.2 (95% confidence interval 10.7 to 20.8) per 100 000 person years.

^†Per 100 000 person years.

^‡Adjusted for age, sex, year of cohort entry, obesity, smoking status, alcohol related disorders, Charlson comorbidity index score, inflammatory bowel disease, gallbladder disease, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level, and duration of diabetes.