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. 2018 Nov 27;5:70. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00070

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Copyright © 2018 Francis, Di Bella, Wallace and Choong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Histology (Safranin/Fast green staining) showing better new cartilage formation in the HH group compared to the other groups. Subchondral cysts and collapse are seen in the BB and MF group, with fibrocartilage formation. Voids at the implanted/native tissue interfaces are seen in the HH and BB groups indicated by the yellow stars. HH, Hand held Biopen printed scaffold; BB, Bench Based 3D printed scaffold; MF, Microfractures; C, Negative Control (defect left empty). Voids at the implanted/native tissue interfaces are seen in the HH and BB groups. [Modified from and used with permission from Di Bella et al. (81), under CC BL].