Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of different cell potencies that have been used in cartilage tissue engineering.

Potency	Types	Advantages	Disadvantages
Pluripotent stem cells	ESCs	Indefinite self-renewal Multiple cell/tissue lineages	Ethical concerns Tumorigenicity Immune rejection
	IPSCs	Autologous Indefinite self-renewal	Tumorigenicity Cellular reprogramming
Mesenchymal stem cells	–	Autologous Abundant Easily accessible/harvested	Donor site morbidity
Chondrocytes	Fetal	Low immunogenicity	Limited availability
	Neonatal	Low immunogenicity	Limited availability
	Juvenile	Low immunogenicity	Limited availability
	Adult	Autologous	Limited availability Donor site morbidity De-differentiation

ESC, Embryonic stem cell; IPSC, Induced pluripotent stem cells.