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. 2017 Apr 27;19(4):415–424. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex069

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Visualization of the velocity vector field in the LV at the peak E wave, focused on the presence of the mitral leaflet associated vortices. An exemplary control subject presents distinct formation of the mitral valve vortices which were present in each healthy control. On the right side is shown a typical COPD patient with reduced vortex formation along the mitral leaflets. In total, only 47% of COPD patients showed distinct vortex formation along the AML and 33% showed vortex present along the PML. AML, anterior mitral leaflet, PML, posterior mitral leaflet.