Table 9.
Caffeine use and risk of AF
| Study | Design | Subjects | FU | Caffeine assessment | AF | Caffeine consumption in mg/dL (corresponding hazard ratio) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conen et al.166 Women's Health Study |
Cohort, USA | 33 638 100% female mean age 53 yrs |
14.4 yrs | Food Frequency Questionnaire | n = 945 | Quintiles: 22 (1.0) 135 (0.88) 285 (0.78) 402 (0.96) 656 (0.89) |
| Shen et al.35 Framingham Heart Study |
Cohort, USA | 4 526 56% female mean age 62 yrs |
4 yrs | Food Frequency Questionnaire | n = 296 | Quartiles: 23 (1.0) 142 (0.84) 347 (0.87) 452 (0.98) |
| Frost et al.167 Danish Diet, Cancer, and Heart Study |
Cohort, Denmark | 47 949 54% female mean age 56 yrs |
5.7 yrs | Food Frequency Questionnaire | n = 555 | Quintiles: 248 (1.0) 475 (1.12) 584 (0.85) 769 (0.92) 997 (0.91) |
AF, atrial fibrillation; FU, follow-up; yrs, years.