Table 2.

Short-term association between gaseous and particulate air pollutants and hospitalization or mortality related to heart failure

	Number of events	% Increase in risk (95% CI)
Gaseous pollutants
Carbon monoxide (per 1 ppm)	1 969 500	3.52 (2.52–4.54)
Sulphur dioxide (per 10 ppb)	771 471	2.36 (1.35–3.38)
Nitrogen dioxide (per 10 ppb)	916 668	1.70 (1.25–2.16)
Ozone (per 10 ppb)	887 531	0.46 (−0.10–1.02)
Particulate pollutants
PM2·5 (per 10 μg/m3)	1 520 099	2.12 (1.42–2.82)
PM10 (per 10 μg/m3)	896 889	1.63 (1.20–2.07)

Ppm, parts per million; Ppb, parts per billion. Modified from Shah et al.⁴⁷