Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Controls (n = 40) | HFpEF (n = 130) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69 ± 7 | 71 ± 9 | 0.11 |
| Women, n (%) | 31 (78) | 80 (62) | 0.06 |
| NYHA II, n (%) | – | 100 (77) | |
| NYHA III, n (%) | – | 29 (22) | |
| Previous hospitalization for HF, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 64 (49) | |
| History of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 57 (44) | |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 119 (92) | |
| History of diabetes, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 43 (33) | |
| History of myocardial infarction, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 26 (20) | |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 14 | 0.96 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 129 ± 15 | 139 ± 15 | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 74 ± 10 | 78 ± 10 | 0.04 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 30.2 ± 5.9 | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | – | 867 [482, 1459] | |
| Echocardiographic measures | |||
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 65.2 ± 4.8 | 59.6 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
| Global longitudinal strain (%) | −20.0 ± 2.1 | −15.1 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 82.9 ± 18.3 | 111.9 ± 27.9 | <0.001 |
| LV end-systolic volume (mL) | 28.8 ± 7.5 | 45.7 ± 16.5 | <0.001 |
| LV end-diastolic volume/BSA (mL/m2) | 47.1 ± 9.4 | 60.3 ± 13.4 | <0.001 |
| LV end-systolic volume/BSA (mL/m2) | 16.6 ± 4.4 | 24.6 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Relative wall thickness (%) | 0.41 ± 0.07 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 0.008 |
| LV mass/BSA (g/m2) | 80.3 ± 17.5 | 77.4 ± 21.6 | 0.40 |
| LV mass/height2.7 (g/m2.7) | 37.2 ± 8.3 | 38.4 ± 11.2 | 0.49 |
| E′ (cm/s) | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 7.3 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| E/E′ | 8.3 ± 3.2 | 13.2 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| E/A | 0.93 ± 0.22 | 1.21 ± 0.71 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial volume/BSA (mL/m2) | 21.7 ± 5.6 | 35.5 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD, median [IQR].
NYHA, New York Heart Association; BSA, body surface area; E′, lateral mitral relaxation velocity; E/E′, mitral inflow to mitral relaxation velocity ratio; E/A, early to late mitral inflow velocity ratio.
P-values was calculated by t-test or X2.