Table 1.

Possible non-acute coronary syndrome causes of troponin elevation

Renal dysfunction and associated cardiac disease

Severe congestive heart failure—acute or chronic

Hypertensive crisis

Tachy- and brady-arrhythmia

Pulmonary embolism, severe pulmonary hypertension

Myocarditis

Acute neurological disease (stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage)

Aortic dissection, aortic valve disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Cardiac contusion, ablation, pacing, cardioversion, or endomyocardial biopsy

Hypothyroidism

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy

Infiltrative diseases, e.g. amyloidosis, haemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, and scleroderma

Drug toxicity, e.g. anthracyclines, Her-2 blockers, 5-fluorouracil, and snake venoms

Burns, if affecting >30% of body surface area

Rhabdomyolysis

Critically ill patients, especially with respiratory failure, or sepsis

Modified from European Society of Cardiology guidelines.⁵