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Overview of the DNA damage-associated biomarkers of ionizing radiation. Multiple types of biomarkers are available for measuring radiation exposure and monitoring the DNA damage and repair, such as cytogenetic, proteomic, genomic, and epigenomic biomarkers. ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated; DSBs, double-strand breaks; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; p, phosphate group; p53, tumour protein p53; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms.
