Table 2.
Cancer incidence in relation to intensity-weighted lifetime days of glyphosate use in the Agricultural Health Study
| Cancer site* | Glyphosate use† | No. | RR (95% CI)‡ | Ptrend‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cancers | |||||
| None | 1511 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 1445 | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) | |||
| Q2 | 1443 | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) | |||
| Q3 | 1440 | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.13) | |||
| Q4 | 1451 | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | .91 | ||
| Oral cavity | |||||
| None | 33 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 36 | 0.95 (0.56 to 1.60) | |||
| Q2 | 35 | 0.92 (0.54 to 1.57) | |||
| Q3 | 35 | 0.96 (0.56 to 1.65) | |||
| Q4 | 35 | 0.84 (0.48 to 1.46) | .54 | ||
| Colon | |||||
| None | 116 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 104 | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.35) | |||
| Q2 | 102 | 1.03 (0.76 to 1.39) | |||
| Q3 | 102 | 1.06 (0.78 to 1.44) | |||
| Q4 | 96 | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.38) | 1.00 | ||
| Rectum | |||||
| None | 50 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 43 | 0.81 (0.51 to 1.28) | |||
| Q2 | 55 | 1.16 (0.76 to 1.76) | |||
| Q3 | 39 | 0.80 (0.50 to 1.29) | |||
| Q4 | 46 | 0.84 (0.52 to 1.34) | .43 | ||
| Pancreas | |||||
| None | 25 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 42 | 1.80 (1.05 to 3.08) | |||
| Q2 | 42 | 1.69 (0.98 to 2.94) | |||
| Q3 | 24 | 1.09 (0.59 to 2.02) | |||
| Q4 | 23 | 1.06 (0.57 to 1.97) | .14 | ||
| Lung | |||||
| None | 144 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 117 | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.22) | |||
| Q2 | 138 | 1.19 (0.91 to 1.56) | |||
| Q3 | 159 | 1.39 (1.07 to 1.82) | |||
| Q4 | 131 | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.33) | .78 | ||
| Melanoma | |||||
| None | 56 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 59 | 1.00 (0.67 to 1.50) | |||
| Q2 | 67 | 1.18 (0.80 to 1.74) | |||
| Q3 | 69 | 1.12 (0.75 to 1.67) | |||
| Q4 | 78 | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.74) | .53 | ||
| Prostate | |||||
| None | 579 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 571 | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.12) | |||
| Q2 | 564 | 0.95 (0.83 to 1.08) | |||
| Q3 | 559 | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.18) | |||
| Q4 | 571 | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.13) | .89 | ||
| Testicular | |||||
| None | 7 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| T1 | 17 | 1.28 (0.49 to 3.34) | |||
| T2 | 12 | 0.74 (0.26 to 2.09) | |||
| T3 | 11 | 0.57 (0.20 to 1.67) | .07 | ||
| Bladder | |||||
| None | 66 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 86 | 1.29 (0.91 to 1.82) | |||
| Q2 | 68 | 1.04 (0.72 to 1.51) | |||
| Q3 | 66 | 1.09 (0.75 to 1.59) | |||
| Q4 | 79 | 1.26 (0.87 to 1.82) | .42 | ||
| Kidney | |||||
| None | 54 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 54 | 1.13 (0.74 to 1.71) | |||
| Q2 | 50 | 0.91 (0.59 to 1.41) | |||
| Q3 | 45 | 0.87 (0.55 to 1.38) | |||
| Q4 | 53 | 1.03 (0.66 to 1.61) | .95 | ||
| Lymphohematopoietic | |||||
| None | 161 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 136 | 0.87 (0.64 to 1.19) | |||
| Q2 | 126 | 0.88 (0.66 to 1.17) | |||
| Q3 | 137 | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.23) | |||
| Q4 | 144 | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.34) | .43 | ||
| Hodgkin lymphoma | |||||
| None | 7 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| M1 | 7 | 0.59 (0.17 to 2.11) | |||
| M2 | 11 | 0.90 (0.25 to 3.24) | .94 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | |||||
| None | 135 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 113 | 0.83 (0.59 to 1.18) | |||
| Q2 | 104 | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.12) | |||
| Q3 | 112 | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.19) | |||
| Q4 | 111 | 0.87 (0.64 to 1.20) | .95 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma B cell | |||||
| None | 128 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 102 | 0.79 (0.55 to 1.13) | |||
| Q2 | 93 | 0.76 (0.56 to 1.05) | |||
| Q3 | 106 | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.21) | |||
| Q4 | 103 | 0.86 (0.62 to 1.19) | .86 | ||
| Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, small lymphocytic leukemia | |||||
| None | 36 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 28 | 0.75 (0.40 to 1.41) | |||
| Q2 | 26 | 0.76 (0.41 to 1.41) | |||
| Q3 | 26 | 0.90 (0.50 to 1.62) | |||
| Q4 | 27 | 0.87 (0.48 to 1.58) | .71 | ||
| Diffuse large B cell lymphoma | |||||
| None | 27 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 28 | 1.11 (0.60 to 2.07) | |||
| Q2 | 23 | 0.94 (0.49 to 1.80) | |||
| Q3 | 30 | 1.13 (0.59 to 2.17) | |||
| Q4 | 22 | 0.97 (0.51 to 1.85) | .83 | ||
| Marginal-zone lymphoma | |||||
| None | 4 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| M1 | 6 | 0.39 (0.06 to 2.45) | |||
| M2 | 5 | 0.44 (0.09 to 2.17) | .67 | ||
| Follicular lymphoma | |||||
| None | 16 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| T1 | 21 | 0.89 (0.37 to 2.15) | |||
| T2 | 11 | 0.61 (0.23 to 1.60) | |||
| T3 | 20 | 0.85 (0.36 to 2.03) | .95 | ||
| Multiple myeloma | |||||
| None | 30 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 19 | 0.70 (0.36 to 1.36) | |||
| Q2 | 26 | 0.94 (0.50 to 1.76) | |||
| Q3 | 19 | 0.78 (0.39 to 1.56) | |||
| Q4 | 24 | 0.87 (0.45 to 1.69) | .84 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma T cell | |||||
| None | 2 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| M1 | 14 | 4.25 (0.73 to 24.64) | |||
| M2 | 6 | 1.53 (0.23 to 10.38) | .31 | ||
| Acute myeloid leukemia | |||||
| None | 9 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 13 | 1.62 (0.60 to 4.38) | |||
| Q2 | 14 | 1.70 (0.61 to 4.73) | |||
| Q3 | 12 | 1.46 (0.49 to 4.37) | |||
| Q4 | 18 | 2.44 (0.94 to 6.32) | .11 | ||
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | |||||
| None | 7 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| M1 | 5 | 0.36 (0.09 to 1.43) | |||
| M2 | 11 | 0.82 (0.23 to 2.98) | .36 | ||
*
Cancer sites are based and presented in order of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Site Recode ICD-O-3. CI = confidence interval; RR = rate ratio.
†
Quartiles: Q1: 1–598.9; Q2: 599–1649.9; Q3: 1650–4339.9; Q4: ≥4340.0. Tertiles: T1: 1–866.24; T2: 866.25–2963.9; T3: ≥2964.0. Median: M1: 1–1649.9; M2: ≥1650.0.
‡
Poisson regression was used to model rate ratios and confidence intervals, and P values were calculated using a two-sided Wald test. All models adjusted for age, state of recruitment, education, cigarette smoking status, alcohol per month, family history of cancer, atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, trifluralin, 2,4-D.