Table 3.
Cancer incidence in relation to lagged intensity weighted lifetime days of glyphosate use in the Agricultural Health Study
| Cancer sites* | Glyphosate use† | 5-y lag |
20-y lag |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | RR (95% CI)‡ | Ptrend‡ | No. of cases | RR (95% CI)‡ | Ptrend‡ | ||
| Lymphohematopoietic | |||||||
| None | 180 | 1.00 (reference) | 434 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 133 | 0.92 (0.69 to 1.24) | 73 | 1.19 (0.90 to 1.55) | |||
| Q2 | 114 | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.12) | 61 | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.41) | |||
| Q3 | 142 | 1.05 (0.79 to 1.39) | 66 | 1.14 (0.87 to 1.51) | |||
| Q4 | 135 | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.31) | .43 | 70 | 1.14 (0.87 to 1.50) | .37 | |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | |||||||
| None | 9 | 1.00 (reference) | 17 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| M1 | 7 | 0.48 (0.17 to 1.33) | 4 | 1.51 (0.48 to 4.70) | |||
| M2 | 9 | 0.60 (0.21 to 1.69) | .73 | 4 | 1.27 (0.35 to 4.62) | .82 | |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | |||||||
| None | 150 | 1.00 (reference) | 354 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 113 | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.28) | 63 | 1.22 (0.91 to 1.64) | |||
| Q2 | 92 | 0.79 (0.59 to 1.06) | 55 | 1.15 (0.86 to 1.55) | |||
| Q3 | 119 | 1.03 (0.75 to 1.41) | 48 | 0.98 (0.71 to 1.36) | |||
| Q4 | 101 | 0.87 (0.64 to 1.17) | .76 | 55 | 1.12 (0.83 to 1.51) | .62 | |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma B cell | |||||||
| None | 141 | 1.00 (reference) | 326 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 100 | 0.87 (0.61 to 1.22) | 57 | 1.17 (0.86 to 1.60) | |||
| Q2 | 85 | 0.76 (0.56 to 1.03) | 49 | 1.15 (0.85 to 1.57) | |||
| Q3 | 112 | 1.05 (0.75 to 1.45) | 48 | 1.06 (0.76 to 1.47) | |||
| Q4 | 94 | 0.86 (0.63 to 1.18) | .93 | 52 | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55) | .49 | |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma | |||||||
| None | 42 | 1.00 (reference) | 88 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 26 | 0.85 (0.47 to 1.56) | 15 | 1.18 (0.65 to 2.15) | |||
| Q2 | 22 | 0.72 (0.40 to 1.32) | 13 | 1.16 (0.63 to 2.11) | |||
| Q3 | 32 | 1.13 (0.64 to 2.00) | 14 | 1.25 (0.68 to 2.29) | |||
| Q4 | 21 | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.35) | .61 | 13 | 1.19 (0.65 to 2.18) | .60 | |
| Diffuse large B cell lymphoma | |||||||
| None | 31 | 1.00 (reference) | 80 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 26 | 1.09 (0.61 to 1.94) | 11 | 0.89 (0.44 to 1.80) | |||
| Q2 | 25 | 0.99 (0.53 to 1.84) | 13 | 1.24 (0.68 to 2.26) | |||
| Q3 | 25 | 1.03 (0.55 to 1.92) | 11 | 0.90 (0.44 to 1.81) | |||
| Q4 | 23 | 1.02 (0.55 to 1.89) | .90 | 15 | 1.35 (0.76 to 2.41) | .31 | |
| Marginal-zone lymphoma | |||||||
| None | 4 | 1.00 (reference) | 10 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| M1 | 6 | 0.48 (0.11 to 2.01) | 2 | 0.77 (0.16 to 3.73) | |||
| M2 | 5 | 0.57 (0.13 to 2.40) | .80 | 3 | 1.16 (0.29 to 4.65) | .78 | |
| Follicular lymphoma | |||||||
| None | 16 | 1.00 (reference) | 41 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| T1 | 22 | 1.19 (0.58 to 2.45) | 10 | 1.11 (0.49 to 2.51) | |||
| T2 | 11 | 0.62 (0.26 to 1.47) | 9 | 1.35 (0.64 to 2.86) | |||
| T3 | 19 | 1.03 (0.47 to 2.25) | .96 | 8 | 0.90 (0.37 to 2.19) | .82 | |
| Multiple myeloma | |||||||
| None | 33 | 1.00 (reference) | 72 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1 | 19 | 0.70 (0.36 to 1.33) | 13 | 1.36 (0.74 to 2.53) | |||
| Q2 | 21 | 0.80 (0.43 to 1.48) | 14 | 1.51 (0.84 to 2.69) | |||
| Q3 | 25 | 1.06 (0.57 to 1.95) | 9 | 0.89 (0.43 to 1.87) | |||
| Q4 | 20 | 0.74 (0.38 to 1.44) | .82 | 10 | 0.96 (0.48 to 1.91) | .69 | |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma T cell | |||||||
| None | 4 | 1.00 (reference) | 12 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| M1 | 12 | 1.86 (0.57 to 6.03) | 9 | 2.97 (1.20 to 7.31) | – | ||
| M2 | 6 | 0.96 (0.25 to 3.72) | .36 | 1 | – | ||
| Acute myeloid leukemia | |||||||
| None | 10 | 1.00 (reference) | 34 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Q1/T1 | 12 | 1.35 (0.55 to 3.31) | 8 | 1.26 (0.57 to 2.76) | |||
| Q2/T2 | 13 | 1.59 (0.63 to 4.01) | 9 | 1.33 (0.62 to 2.84) | |||
| Q3/T3 | 13 | 1.47 (0.54 to 3.96) | 15 | 2.04 (1.05 to 3.97) | .04 | ||
| Q4 | 18 | 2.32 (0.98 to 5.51) | .07 | – | – | ||
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | |||||||
| None | 8 | 1.00 (reference) | 16 | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| M1 | 4 | 0.31 (0.07 to 1.29) | 3 | 0.58 (0.13 to 2.63) | |||
| M2 | 11 | 1.00 (0.32 to 3.18) | .29 | 4 | 0.87 (0.24 to 3.23) | .91 | |
Cancer sites are based and presented in order of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Site Recode ICD-O-3. CI = confidence interval; RR = rate ratio.
Five-year lag quartiles: Q1: 1–530.9; Q2: 531.0–1511.9; Q3: 1512.0–4063.4; Q4: ≥4063.5. Five-year lag tertiles: T1: 1–787.4; T2: 787.5–2795.9; T3: ≥2796.0. Five-year lag median: M1: 1–1511.9; M2: ≥1512.0. Twenty-year lag quartiles: Q1: 1–281.3; Q2: 281.4–895.9; Q3: 896–2609.9; Q4: ≥2610.0. Twenty-year lag tertiles: T1: 1–409.4; T2: 409.5–1819.9; T3: ≥1820.0. Twenty-year lag median: M1: 1–895.9; M2: ≥896.0.
Poisson regression was used to model rate ratios and confidence intervals, and P values were calculated using a two-sided Wald test. All models were adjusted for age, state of recruitment, education, cigarette smoking status, alcohol per month, family history of cancer, atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, trifluralin, 2,4-D.