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. 2018 Nov 25;24:746–758.

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Copyright © 2018 Molecular Vision.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, used for non-commercial purposes, and is not altered or transformed.

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ECH treatment reduced activation of Parp, Apaf-1, and Bad mRNA in retinas 7 days after I/R. A–C: Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) shows statistically significant activation of Parp, Bad, and Apaf-1 in the retinas after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; echinacoside (ECH) treatment reduced these effects. Histograms represent the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of apoptotic mRNA levels in the retinas of all groups. *p<0.01 versus the sham group; ^#p<0.01 versus the I/R plus vehicle group.