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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Biomed Eng. 2018 Jun 20;46(11):1911–1920. doi: 10.1007/s10439-018-2077-8

Figure 5. Torsional loading rate (n = 45) increased torque range and torsional stiffness.

Figure 5

(A) For rotation of ± 2°, the torque range of 0.4 °/s loading was significantly lower than for 4 °/s and 8 °/s. (B) The torsional stiffness at ± 2° was significantly higher for each increasing loading rate from 0.4 °/s to 4 °/s and 8 °/s. (C) Representative torque rotation curves at 0.4, 4 and 8 °/s shows the median change in torque range and torsional stiffness. (D) For rotation of ± 4°, the torque range was significantly higher for each increasing loading rate from 0.8 °/s to 8 °/s and 16 °/s. (E) The torsional stiffness at ± 4° was significantly higher for each increasing loading rate from 0.8 °/s to 8 °/s and 16 °/s. (F) Representative torque rotation curves at 0.8, 8 and 16 °/s shows the median change in torque range and torsional stiffness. Lines are median, error bars are interquartile range and bars indicate significant difference (p < 0.05).