Fig. 2. Mechanism of action of new investigational small-molecule agents in IBD.
(a) JAK janus kinase, STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription protein, PDE4 phosphodiesterase type 4, cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate, PKA protein kinase A, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, CREB cAMP response element-binding protein, (b) S1P sphingosine-1 phosphate