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. 2018 Dec 4;8:17458. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36143-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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EV influence on PBMC. (a) PBMC adhesion on endothelium. PBMC and HUVEC were separately pre-stimulated with EVs 24 hours before, and then PBMC were labeled with PKH26GL red fluorescent cell linker and were added to HUVEC for 1 hour. After washing, adherent cells were counted by digital analysis (results mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05 vs. control PBMC, ^p < 0.05 vs. cEVs, n = 8). (b) The lymphocyte surface marker expression after EV treatment (mean % of total lymphocyte population ± SEM, in bold - p < 0.05 vs. control PBMC, n = 5). (c) The diagram of CD25high +/FoxP3 + expression on CD4 + cells (p-value between groups is indicated, n = 3). (d) The representative FACS image of CFSE labeled T cells after 5-day culture with Treg, isolated from PBMC stimulated by cEVs or PDGF-EVs, the percentage of proliferated cells is indicated.