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. 2018 Dec 4;8:17458. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36143-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PDGF-EVs protect muscle tissue from acute injury in vivo and reduce inflammation. (a) The representative hematoxylin-eosin images of gastrocnemius muscles of an ischemic hindlimb of the vehicle, cEV, or PDGF-EV treated animals 7 days after surgery (Original Magnification: × 200). (b) The quantitative analysis of muscle damage areas in hematoxylin-eosin stained gastrocnemius muscles of control and EV-treated ischemic hindlimbs at day 7 after surgery. PDGF-EVs significantly reduce muscle damage compared to vehicle or cEVs (mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05 vs. vehicle). (c) The representative immunofluorescence images (confocal microscopy) of CD14 + cells infiltration (red fluorescence) in gastrocnemius muscles of ischemic hindlimbs. (d) The quantitative analysis of immune cell infiltration in ischemic muscle tissue of control and EV-treated animals (mean ± SEM; **p < 0.01 vs. Vehicle). (e) The representative immunofluorescence images (confocal microscopy) of FoxP3 + cells (red fluorescence) in gastrocnemius ischemic muscles of control and EV-treated animals.