Table 1.
Unadjusted mean haemoglobin levels according to demographic and behavioural variables, H. pylori sero-prevalence and atrophic gastritis by sex*.
| N | Men | P | N | Women | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean haemoglobin (SD) | Mean haemoglobin (SD) | |||||
| Population | 0.11 | <0.001 | ||||
| Jews | 348 | 15.1 (1.5) | 306 | 13.3 (1.2) | ||
| Arabs | 498 | 15.0 (1.4) | 439 | 12.7 (1.3) | ||
| Age (years) | <0.001† | 0.005† | ||||
| 25–44 | 297 | 15.4 (1.4) | 234 | 12.7 (1.2) | ||
| 45–64 | 358 | 15.1 (1.3) | 337 | 13.0 (1.3) | ||
| 65–78 | 191 | 14.4 (1.5) | 174 | 13.0 (1.4) | ||
| Education | 0.2† | 0.013† | ||||
| Some high school or less | 430 | 15.1 (1.5) | 418 | 12.8 (1.3) | ||
| High school certificate/some college | 200 | 14.9 (1.5) | 166 | 12.9 (1.3) | ||
| Academic education | 211 | 15.1 (1.4) | 160 | 13.2 (1.2) | ||
| Smoking | <0.001 | 0.03 | ||||
| Regular smoking ≥1 cigarette/ day | 290 | 15.4 (1.3) | 75 | 13.2 (1.4) | ||
| Other | 550 | 14.9 (1.5) | 663 | 12.9 (1.3) | ||
| Obesity | 0.9 | 0.3 | ||||
| BMI <30 kg/m2 | 615 | 15.0 (1.5) | 404 | 13.0 (1.3) | ||
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 228 | 15.0 (1.4) | 341 | 12.9 (1.2) | ||
| H. pylori IgG sero-status | 0.6† | 0.012† | ||||
| Negative | 217 | 15.0 (1.6) | 189 | 12.9 (1.3) | ||
| H. pylori positive CagA negative | 388 | 15.1 (1.5) | 333 | 13.0 (1.2) | ||
| H. pylori positive CagA positive | 241 | 15.0 (1.3) | 223 | 12.7 (1.4) | ||
| Atrophic gastritis: PGI <30 μg/L or PGI: PGII <3.0 | 0.037 | 0.052 | ||||
| No | 790 | 15.0 (1.4) | 671 | 13.0 (1.2) | ||
| yes | 52 | 14.6 (1.7) | 71 | 12.5 (1.7) |
*BMI: body mass index, CagA: cytotoxin associated gene A; kg: kilogram, m: meters, PG: pepsinogen, SD: standard deviation.
†P value for the difference between the groups by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Pair comparisons by Tukey HSD Post-hoc Test – Men:
Age group: 25–44 vs 45–64 years P = 0.03; age group 24–44 vs 65–78 years P < 0.001; age group 45–64 vs 65–78 years P < 0.001.
Education: Some high school or less vs high school certificate/some college P = 0.37; some high school or less vs academic education P = 0.86, high school certificate/some college vs academic education P = 0.27. H. pylori sero-status: Negative vs H. pylori positive CagA negative P = 0.7; negative vs H. pylori positive CagA positive P = 0.9; H. pylori positive CagA negative vs H. pylori positive CagA positive P = 0.6.
Pair comparisons by Tukey HSD Post-hoc Test – Women:
Age group: 25–44 vs 45–64 years P = 0.004; age group 24–44 vs 65–78 years P = 0.026; age group 45–64 vs 65–78 years P = 0.9.
Education: Some high school or less vs high school certificate/some college P = 0.6; some high school or less vs academic education P = 0.011, some high school or less vs academic education P = 0.2. H. pylori sero-status: Negative vs H. pylori positive CagA negative P = 0.5; negative vs H. pylori positive CagA positive P = 0.2; H. pylori positive CagA negative vs H. pylori positive CagA positive P = 0.009.