Figure 1.

Kaempferol increased the cell viabilities in H₂O₂-treated ARPE-19 cells. (a)–(e) The viability of cells was measured by MTS assay; the viability of cells was expressed as a percentage of that of the control group (nontreated cells). (a) ARPE-19 cells were treated with 1 mM H₂O₂ for 24 h. The cells were exposed to the individual concentrations of kaempferol; (b)–(d) ARPE-19 cells were treated with 1 mM H₂O₂ for 24 h; the cells were then exposed to the individual concentrations of lutein (b), resveratrol (c), or anthocyanin (d) for 24 h without H₂O₂. (e) Comparison of the protective effects of lutein, resveratrol, kaempferol, and anthocyanin by MTS assay. (f) Comparison of total antioxidant capacity of kaempferol, lutein, anthocyanin, and resveratrol (#p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 vs. the lutein sample). All the data are shown as mean ± SD, ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. the samples which are marked by black frames.