Figure 3.

Effects of kaempferol on mRNA expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase 3 in H₂O₂-treated ARPE-19 cells. ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with or without H₂O₂ (1 mM) for 24 h, followed by a 24 h exposure to kaempferol (20 or 50 nM). The mRNA expression levels of Bax (a), Bcl-2 (b), and caspase-3 (c) for each sample were measured by real-time PCR, and the fold changes of each gene are shown in the bar graph compared with the control sample (nontreated cells, value as 1). The data are shown as mean ± SD, ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. the sample marked with black frame (H₂O₂ treatment alone).