The alteration of the ROS and JNK-mediated signaling pathway in HG conditions. (a) Following treatment of PANC-1 and CFPAC-1 cells with LG, HG, and HG with NAC (5 mM) for 24 h, ROS levels were measured using the ROS fluorescent probe DCFH-DA with flow cytometry. (b) Following treatment with HG for 0, 1, 6, or 24 h, the protein expression levels of p-JNK, JNK, p-c-Jun, c-Jun, and GAPDH were determined by Western blotting in PANC-1 and CFPAC-1 cells. (c) PANC-1 and CFPAC-1 cells were treated with LG and HG for 24 h in the presence or absence of NAC (5 mM). The protein expression levels of p-JNK, JNK, p-c-Jun, c-Jun, and GAPDH were determined by Western blotting. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001, compared with the LG group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, and ###p < 0.001, compared with the HG group.