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. 2018 Dec 4;15:32. doi: 10.1186/s12987-018-0117-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Blood–brain barrier permeability. A Guinea pig embryo injected with trypan blue demonstrates restriction of dye entry into CNS (from [135]). B Brain of a rat with chronic hypertension showing areas of Evans blue extravasation in the boundary zone areas (from [141]). C Adult mice injected with fluorescently-labeled dextrans (10 and 2000 kDa) and imaged with two-photon microscopy show lack of significant dye extravasation over 1 h (from [142]). D Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of radiolabeled verapamil in mouse and human brains with and without p-glycoprotein inhibition using tariquidar. The color bar indicates brain-to-plasma ratio, a measure of drug penetration (from [143]). E, F Permeability experiments using Lucifer yellow and 10 kDa dextran in tissue-engineered iPSC-derived brain microvessels (from [24])