Table 1.
Baseline characteristics overall and stratified by gender and 6-year vital status in CAP
| Characteristics | Entire cohort (N = 285) |
MALE (N = 172) | FEMALE (N = 113) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6-year vital status | |||||||
| Survivors (n = 80) |
Non-survivors (n = 92) |
P value | Survivors (n = 70) |
Non-survivors (n = 43) |
p value | ||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age | 71 [57, 81] | 65 [46.5, 74.5] | 78 [70, 84] | < 0.001 | 62 [43, 75] | 79 [72, 85] | < 0.001 |
| Male | 172 (60.4%) | ||||||
| CAP characteristics | |||||||
| PSI class | |||||||
| I | 32 (11.2%) | 12 (15%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001 | 18 (26%) | 2 (5%) | 0.004 |
| II | 55 (19.3%) | 22 (28%) | 5 (5%) | < 0.001 | 22 (31%) | 6 (14%) | 0.037 |
| III | 52 (18.2%) | 16 (20%) | 16 (17%) | 0.66 | 13 (19%) | 7 (16%) | 0.76 |
| IV | 104 (36.5%) | 23 (29%) | 45 (49%) | 0.007 | 15 (21%) | 21 (49%) | 0.002 |
| V | 42 (14.7%) | 7 (9%) | 26 (28%) | 0.001 | 2 (3%) | 7 (16%) | 0.011 |
| CURB-65 score | |||||||
| 0 | 63 (22.1%) | 24 (30%) | 6 (7%) | < 0.001 | 27 (39%) | 6 (14%) | 0.005 |
| I | 67 (23.5%) | 20 (25%) | 21 (23%) | 0.74 | 21 (30%) | 5 (12%) | 0.024 |
| II | 82 (28.8%) | 22 (28%) | 29 (32%) | 0.56 | 11 (16%) | 20 (47%) | < 0.001 |
| III | 57 (20.0%) | 11 (14%) | 27 (29%) | 0.014 | 10 (14%) | 9 (21%) | 0.36 |
| IV/V | 16 (5.6%) | 3 (4%) | 9 (10%) | 0.12 | 1 (1%) | 3 (7%) | 0.12 |
| Comorbidities a | |||||||
| Coronary heart disease | 59 (20.7%) | 11 (14%) | 34 (37%) | < 0.001 | 5 (7%) | 9 (21%) | 0.031 |
| Congestive heart failure | 44 (15.4%) | 4 (5%) | 25 (27%) | < 0.001 | 3 (4%) | 12 (28%) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular insult | 28 (9.8%) | 4 (5%) | 15 (16%) | 0.018 | 5 (7%) | 4 (9%) | 0.68 |
| PAOD | 17 (6.0%) | 5 (6%) | 8 (9%) | 0.55 | 2 (3%) | 2 (5%) | 0.62 |
| Chronic renal failure | 67 (23.5%) | 12 (15%) | 30 (33%) | 0.007 | 7 (10%) | 18 (42%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 55 (19.3%) | 14 (18%) | 23 (25%) | 0.23 | 8 (11%) | 10 (23%) | 0.095 |
| Neoplastic disease | 38 (13.3%) | 9 (11%) | 23 (25%) | 0.021 | 3 (4%) | 3 (7%) | 0.54 |
| Clinical history | |||||||
| Fever | 185 (65.1%) | 68 (85%) | 48 (53%) | < 0.001 | 45 (64%) | 24 (56%) | 0.37 |
| Chills | 87 (34.0%) | 31 (42%) | 23 (29%) | 0.086 | 27 (42%) | 6 (15%) | 0.006 |
| Glucocorticoid pretreatment | 22 (7.9%) | 2 (3%) | 13 (14%) | 0.008 | 3 (4%) | 4 (10%) | 0.27 |
| Clinical findings | |||||||
| Confusion | 20 (7.9%) | 4 (5%) | 13 (16%) | 0.034 | 0 (0%) | 3 (8%) | 0.022 |
| Body temperature, °C | 38 [37.2, 38.8] | 38.4 [37.5, 39] | 38 [37, 38.8] | 0.090 | 37.9 [37.2, 38.6] | 37.6 [36.9, 38.6] | 0.21 |
| Breath rate, beaths/min. | 20 [16, 25] | 20 [16, 24] | 24 [18, 28] | 0.009 | 20 [17.00, 24.00] | 22 [17, 28] | 0.14 |
| Heart rate, beats/min. | 94 [82, 105] | 92 [86, 105.5] | 95.5 [80, 105] | 0.86 | 95 [82, 109] | 93 [82, 100] | 0.28 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130 [117, 148] | 130.5 [121, 150] | 128.5 [104, 150] | 0.077 | 131 [117, 145] | 133 [118, 145] | 0.96 |
| Arterial pH | 7.46 [7.42, 7.49] | 7.46 [7.44, 7.49] | 7.44 [7.41, 7.48] | 0.095 | 7.46 (7.43, 7.50) | 7.45 (7.40, 7.50) | 0.11 |
| qSOFA (≥ 2) | 25 (10.6%) | 2 (3%) | 18 (25%) | < 0.001 | 0 (0%) | 5 (14%) | 0.003 |
| Admission laboratory findings | |||||||
| CRP, mg/l | 132 [65, 252] | 145 [78, 240] | 110 [55, 252] | 0.17 | 148[105, 284] | 121 [62, 234] | 0.13 |
| PCT, mcg/l | 0.48 [0.16, 3.20] | 0.42 [0.19, 3.56] | 0.51 [0.16, 2.60] | 0.48 | 0.72 [0.12, 5.58] | 0.32 [0.16, 1.50] | 0.52 |
| Progesterone, nmol/l | 0.69 [0.44, 1.43] | 0.69 [0.46, 1.57] | 0.66 [0.37, 1.06] | 0.26 | 0.88 [0.56, 2.62] | 0.73 [0.52, 1.09] | 0.13 |
| 17-OH-Progesterone, nmol/l | 1.74 [0.87, 3.35] | 1.88 [1.08, 3.32] | 1.67 [0.96, 3.36] | 0.51 | 1.67 [0.54, 3.50] | 1.55 [0.63, 3.18] | 0.94 |
| Aldosterone, nmol/l | 0.06 [0.03, 0.20] | 0.07 [0.04, 0.22] | 0.05 [0.03, 0.18] | 0.18 | 0.05 [0.03, 0.17] | 0.08 [0.04, 0.19] | 0.43 |
| DHEA, nmol/l | 13.43 [7.73, 209.55] | 39.74 [8.8, 409.4] | 7.67 [6.27, 142.2] | 0.071 | 21.84 [9.90, 330.01] | 11.47 [6.78, 26.52] | 0.18 |
| DHEA-S, nmol/l | 2280.09 [836.72, 3660.99] | 3975.42 [2837.7, 7960.95] | 1193.58 [647.62, 2559.29] | < 0.001 | 2317.52 [1537.38, 3660.99] | 911.44 [379.14, 2506.82] | 0.081 |
| Androstenedione, nmol/l | 2.78 [1.36, 4.58] | 2.86 [1.29, 4.33] | 2.33 [1.24, 4.35] | 0.44 | 3.18 [1.75, 6.24] | 2.80 [1.18, 4.78] | 0.11 |
| Testosterone, nmol/l | 1.63 [0.49, 4.68] | 4.36 [1.98, 6.22] | 3.29 [2.04, 6.39] | 0.62 | 0.50 [0.29, 0.70] | 0.34 [0.24, 0.56] | 0.13 |
| Dihydrotestosterone, nmol/l | 1.31 [0.26, 2.83] | 0.91 [0.22, 2.16] | 1.59 [1.07, 3.42] | 0.11 | 0.84 [0.42, 2.83] | 1.69 [0.18, 3.09] | 0.93 |
Data are presented as median [IQR] or number (percentage); p values are considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Bold values indicate statistical significance. CAP community-acquired pneumonia, CRP C-reactive protein, CURB-65 ‘confusion’, ‘urea > 7 mmol/L’, ‘respiratory rate > 30/min’, ‘blood pressure systolic < 90 mmHg or diastolic < 60 mmHg’, ‘age ≥ 65 years’; DHEA dihydroepiandrosterone, DHEA-S dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate, IQR interquartile range, PAOD peripheral artery occlusive disease, PCT procalcitonin, PSI pneumonia severity index, SBP systolic blood pressure, qSOFA quick sequential organ failure assessment
aComorbidities were identified based on medical records or patient report