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. 2018 Nov 19;19(12):e46943. doi: 10.15252/embr.201846943

Figure 3. ADP‐heptose is a newly identified bacterial PAMP.

Figure 3

  1. LPS biosynthesis pathway. HldA and HldC from Neisseria meningitidis are in brackets.
  2. TIFA‐GFP oligomerization at 30 min in HeLa cells treated with digitonin (mock) or digitonin and a lysate from indicated Shigella flexneri strains (pHldA/C means plasmid‐encoded HldA and HldC).
  3. TIFA‐GFP oligomerization at 6 h in cells treated as in (B).
  4. IL‐8 production at 6 h in cells was treated as in (C).
  5. TIFA‐GFP oligomerization in cells treated for 30 min with digitonin alone, digitonin and wild‐type S. flexneri lysate, or digitonin and ADP‐L‐β‐d‐heptose at indicated concentrations.
  6. IL‐8 production after 6 h in cells treated as in (E).
Data information: In (B–F), data correspond to the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. In (B–D), data were normalized to wt lysate treatment. Statistical significance was assessed using one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, not significant (ns).