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Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of IFN-β in CF: (A) IFN-β triggers JAK/STATsignaling pathway activation (STAT1, STAT3, and STAT3 proteins). (1) IFN-β induces a pro-inflammatory response in the CF through STAT1 protein activation (green arrows), characterized by increased expression of the chemokines IP-10 and MCP-1, as well as (2) increased neutrophil migration, favored by chemokines released from CF.
