Table 2.
Categorization of potential predictors for post-ICU psychological problems (cases) and no psychological problems (non-cases) and predictors’ univariate associations
| Predictor | Categorization | Cases (n = 80) | Non-cases (n = 319) | Univariate association (p value)† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 64 (54–72) | 65 (56–73) | NA | |
| Male sex | 47 (59) | 201 (62) | > 0.1 | |
| Education level | Elementary school | 20 (25) | 75 (24) | > 0.1 |
| Senior high school | 35 (44) | 143 (45) | ||
| University/college | 24 (30) | 88 (28) | ||
| Employment status pre-ICU | Unemployed | 1 (1) | 12 (4) | > 0.1 |
| Sick-leave | 13 (16) | 30 (9) | ||
| Retired | 42 (53) | 168 (53) | ||
| Student | 0 | 6 (2) | ||
| Employed | 23 (29) | 95 (30) | ||
| Somatic comorbidities (CCI) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–5) | > 0.1 | |
| Caretaker of children < 18 years old | 11 (14) | 32 (10) | > 0.1 | |
| Admission diagnosis | Medical | 28 (35) | 116 (36) | > 0.1 |
| Surgical | 46 (58) | 178 (56) | ||
| Trauma | 6 (8) | 24 (8) | ||
| Admission severity of illness (APACHE) | 18 (14–23) | 18 (13–23) | > 0.1 | |
| SAPS III box 1 | 20 (13–24) | 19 (14–23) | > 0.1 | |
| Psychological problems pre-ICU | 26 (33) | 58 (18) | < 0.01* | |
| Type of hospital admission | Acute | 59 (74) | 237 (74) | > 0.1 |
| Elective | 21 (26) | 82 (26) | ||
| Agitation | 14 (18) | 63 (20) | > 0.1 | |
| Severe sepsis | 21 (26) | 66 (21) | > 0.1 | |
| Duration of coma | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | > 0.1 | |
| ICU LOS (h) | 61 (38–162) | 54 (26–138) | > 0.1 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 52 (65) | 198 (62) | > 0.1 | |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation (h) | 22 (11–103) | 49 (9–132) | > 0.1 | |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2) | 2 (0–4) | 0 (0–2) | < 0.001* | |
| Traumatic memories (PTSS-14A) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | < 0.001* | |
| Lack of social support | 15 (19) | 26 (8) | < 0.05* |
Data are presented as medians (interquartile range) and proportions, n (%) as appropriate. Duration of mechanical ventilation calculated only for mechanically ventilated patients
NA not applicable, ICU intensive care unit, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score, LOS length of stay, PHQ-2 Patient Health Questionnaire-2, PTSS-14A Post-Traumatic Symptoms Checklist 14A
*Statistically significant p value
†p values for the univariate association between the predictor and the outcome