Fig. 1.

Pathological mechanisms implicated in AD and associated fluid biomarkers. In this figure, the arrows reflect hypothetical relationships, not direct causal links between the pathological mechanisms and neurodegeneration. Only select pathological mechanisms (and associated biomarkers) of AD are represented. Aβ38 amyloid beta 38, Aβ40 amyloid beta 40, Aβ42 amyloid beta 42, AD Alzheimer’s disease, BACE1 β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1, hFABP heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, IP-10 interferon-γ-induced protein 10, NF-L neurofilament light, P-tau phosphorylated tau, SNAP-25 synaptosome-associated protein 25, TDP-43 transactive response DNA-binding protein 43, TREM2 triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, T-tau total tau, VILIP-1 visinin-like protein 1