Table 4.

Results for 49 negative controls in Anticoagulants study and 29 in NSAIDs study

	Anticoagulants				NSAIDs
PS method	Cov	RMSE	Mean	SD	Cov	RMSE	Mean	SD
Unadjusted	0.53	0.325	−0.172	0.216	0.83	0.370	−0.061	0.314
L1-Reg-All	0.88	0.303	0.023	0.108	0.83	0.367	−0.023	0.229
L1-Reg-OHDSI	0.90	0.276	−0.020	0.061	0.97	0.319	−0.087	0.161
L1-Reg-HDPS	0.86	0.275	−0.026	0.089	0.83	0.387	−0.115	0.228
bias-hdPSa	0.86	0.258	−0.037	0.065	0.88	0.347	−0.065	0.135
bias-hdPS-Reg	0.82	0.292	−0.036	0.094	0.83	0.372	−0.039	0.244
exp-hdPSb	0.80	0.268	−0.037	0.113	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
exp-hdPS-Reg	0.80	0.284	−0.037	0.096	0.86	0.434	−0.154	0.320

Mean and SD are of the empirical null Gaussian distribution fit to the log hazard ratio estimates.

Cov, coverage of the null effect; RMSE, root mean squared error of log hazard ratio estimates from 0; SD, standard deviation.

^abias-hdPS fails to converge on 12 of 29 outcomes in NSAIDs study.

^bexp-hdPS fails to converge on all 29 outcomes in NSAIDs study.