Table 2. Common rosacea triggers and their activation pathways and current therapy regimen.
| Pathway of activation | Trigger | Therapeutic regimen |
|---|---|---|
| Inflammasome (NALP3) | Sun exposure, wind, heavy exercise, alcohol consumption, emotional stress, skin
care products and cosmetics (formaldehyde), medication, and microorganisms |
Avoidance, anti-inflammatory therapy,
and antibiotics |
| TLR-2 | Sun exposure, emotional stress, alcohol, exercise, microorganisms/gut
microbiome, topicals, and medication |
Avoidance, 30+ SPF sunscreen, and
brimonidine |
| TRPV1 | Emotional stress, heat/hot weather/hot steam, exercise, alcohol, and spicy food
(capsaicin) |
Avoidance and brimonidine |
| TRPV2 | Heat | Avoidance |
| TRPV4 | Sun exposure/ultraviolet irradiation, humidity, and osmotic changes | Avoidance and 30+ SPF sunscreen |
| TRPA1 | Cold weather, garlic/mustard oil (pungency), and skin care products and
cosmetics (formaldehyde) |
Avoidance and brimonidine |
| PAR 2 | Proteinases and microorganisms | Anti-inflammatory therapy and
antibiotics |
NALP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3; PAR 2, proteinase-activated receptor 2; SPF, sun protection factor; TLR-2, Toll-like receptor 2; TRPA1, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1; TRPV, transient receptor potential vanilloid.