Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of REGARDS participants taking and not taking prescription opioids
| Variables | All |
Males |
Females |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POU n = 1,851 | Nonusers n = 27,174 | P | POU n = 651 | Nonusers n = 12,479 | P | POU n = 1,200 | Nonusers n = 14,695 | P | |
| n (%)∗ | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Sociodemographics | |||||||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 64.0 (9.4) | 64.9 (9.4) | <0.001 | 64.1 (9.0) | 65.7 (9.3) | <0.001 | 64.0 (9.5) | 64.3 (9.5) | 0.26 |
| Female | 1200 (64.8) | 14695 (54.1) | <0.001 | – | – | ||||
| African American | 841 (45.4) | 11,067 (40.7) | <0.001 | 257 (39.5) | 4287 (34.3) | 0.007 | 584 (48.7) | 6780 (46.1) | 0.09 |
| Less than high school education | 344 (18.6) | 3213 (11.8) | <0.001 | 106 (16.3) | 1365 (10.9) | <0.001 | 238 (19.8) | 1848 (12.6) | <0.001 |
| Annual income < $35,000 | 1,023 (55.2) | 11,123 (40.9) | <0.001 | 316 (48.5) | 4250 (34.1) | <0.001 | 707 (58.9) | 6873 (46.8) | <0.001 |
| Health behaviors | |||||||||
| Current smoking | 423 (23.0) | 3753 (13.9) | <0.001 | 178 (21.8) | 1742 (14.0) | <0.001 | 336 (21.0) | 2011 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Never exercises | 886 (47.6) | 8880 (33.8) | <0.001 | 258 (40.4) | 3355 (27.3) | <0.001 | 608 (51.5) | 5525 (38.1) | <0.001 |
| Physiological CHD risk factors | |||||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 31.0 (7.3) | 29.2 (6.1) | <0.001 | 29.8 (5.8) | 28.5 (5.0) | <0.001 | 31.7 (7.8) | 29.8 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 535 (30.3) | 5577 (21.3) | <0.001 | 189 (30.3) | 2720 (22.5) | <0.001 | 346 (30.2) | 2857 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1,261 (68.4) | 15,822 (58.4) | <0.001 | 425 (65.4) | 7189 (57.8) | <0.001 | 836 (70.2) | 8633 (58.9) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 128.5 (17.7) | 127.5 (16.5) | 0.01 | 128.5 (16.7) | 128.9 (16.1) | 0.53 | 128.6 (18.1) | 126.2 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol mg/dL,mean (SD) | 189.7 (42.4) | 192.2 (40.0) | 0.02 | 179.3 (39.7) | 182.9 (38.2) | 0.02 | 195.4 (42.8) | 200.1 (39.7) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dl, mean (SD) | 51.0 (16.5) | 51.8 (16.1) | 0.04 | 43.8 (14.2) | 45.5 (13.7) | 0.002 | 55.0 (16.3) | 57.3 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| hsC-reactive protein, mg/L,median [25th, 75th %] | 3.6[1.5–8.1] | 2.1[0.9–4.8] | <0.001 | 2.8[1.1–6.4] | 1.7[0.8–3.7] | <0.001 | 4.2[1.7–8.7] | 2.7[1.1–5.9] | <0.001 |
| Albumin to creatinine ratio,mg/g, median [25th, 75th %] | 8.1[5.0–17.9] | 7.4[4.6–15.9] | <0.001 | 7.4[4.4–18.6] | 6.8[4.2–16.8] | 0.08 | 8.4[5.2–17.6] | 7.8[5.0–15.4] | 0.005 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 224 (12.6) | 2236 (8.4) | <0.001 | 78 (12.3) | 1060 (8.7) | 0.002 | 146 (12.7) | 1176 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 188 (10.4) | 2621 (9.8) | 0.45 | 61 (9.5) | 1139 (9.3) | 0.85 | 127 (10.8) | 1482 (10.3) | 0.54 |
| Baseline cardiovascular disease | |||||||||
| Coronary heart disease | 413 (22.8) | 4643 (17.4) | <0.001 | 177 (27.6) | 2915 (23.7) | 0.03 | 236 (20.1) | 1728 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, peripheral artery Disease, or aortic aneurism | 245 (13.2) | 2315 (8.5) | <0.001 | 91 (14.0) | 1293 (10.4) | 0.003 | 164 (12.8) | 1022 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| QTc prolongation† | 61 (3.3) | 772 (2.8) | 0.24 | 32 (4.9) | 493 (4.0) | 0.47 | 29 (2.4) | 279 (1.9) | 0.17 |
| Medications | |||||||||
| Statin | 679 (37.1) | 8923 (33.2) | <0.001 | 234 (36.3) | 4456 (36.0) | 0.88 | 445 (37.6) | 4467 (30.7) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 1,148 (62.8) | 13,727 (51.1) | <0.001 | 379 (58.7) | 6043 (48.7) | <0.001 | 769 (65.1) | 7684 (53.1) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 766 (41.4) | 11815 (43.5) | 0.08 | 303 (46.6) | 6312 (50.6) | 0.05 | 463 (38.6) | 5503 (37.5) | 0.44 |
| NSAID | 504 (27.5) | 3588 (13.3) | <0.001 | 154 (23.7) | 1318 (10.6) | <0.001 | 350 (29.5) | 2270 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Mental and physical health | |||||||||
| Depressive symptoms (CES- D≥4) | 443 (24.1) | 2677 (9.9) | <.001 | 104 (16.1) | 856 (6.9) | <0.001 | 339 (28.4) | 1821 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pain (moderate tosevere) in last 4 weeks | 1094 (59.1) | 5308 (19.5) | <.001 | 346 (53.2) | 2006 (16.1) | <0.001 | 748 (62.3) | 3302 (22.5) | <0.001 |
| Perceived stress, median, [25th, 75th %] | 4.0[1.0–7.0] | 3.0[0–5.0] | <.001 | 3.0[1.0–6.0] | 2.0[0–4.0] | <0.001 | 4.0[2.0–7.0] | 3.0[1.0–6.0] | <0.001 |
| MCS, median, [25th, 75th %] | 53.8[42.9–59.0] | 56.8[52.1–59.4] | <.001 | 55.9[45.9–59.7] | 57.4[53.4–59.8] | <0.001 | 52.7[41.3–58.7] | 56.0[50.7–59.1] | <0.001 |
| PCS, median, [25th, 75th %] | 34.9[26.2–46.1] | 50.9[41.9–55.0] | <.001 | 37.6[28.4–48.2] | 51.5[43.7–55.3] | <0.001 | 33.4[25.0–44.7] | 49.7[40.3–54.8] | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; CHD = coronary heart disease; HDL = high density lipoprotein; hsC-Reactive Protein = highly sensitive C-Reactive protein; MCS = medical component score on SF-12 scale; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; QTc = QT interval corrected for heart rate; PCS = physical component score on SF-12 scale; SD = standard deviation.
∗Numbers are means and % unless indicated otherwise in the variables column.
†
QT corrected interval > 450 ms for men or > 460 ms for women on baseline ECG.