Fig 4. Major expansion of the Swiss Confederation in the 15^th and 16^th centuries.

Shown are the major directions of expansion of the Bernese (red arrows) and of the other Confederate States (brown arrows). The location of the ancestral castle of the Habsburg dynasty is indicated by a black asterisk. B shows the origin of the Swiss Brown cattle breed in the central Alpine region and F that of the Fleckvieh breed in the Bernese Alps. For the current borders between the cantons, see S1 Fig.