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. 2016 Aug 20;108(1):78–93. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esw047

Table 2.

Sex determination systems across insects

XO XY C XOa C XYb ZO ZW C ZWc Homd HD/PGEe Parthf CNg Taxa
Orthoptera 223 49 9 10 291
Notoptera 2 2
Phasmatodea 69 14 37 25 144
Embiidina 8 2 10
Blattodea 108 2 3 113
Isoptera 1 2 61 62 18 83
Mantodea 60 1 40 2 4 107
Plecoptera 3 1 8 4 16
Zoraptera 1 1
Dermaptera 3 22 27 2 54
Trichoptera 15 6 23 44
Lepidoptera 10 18 12 16 1163 1219
Mecoptera 13 1 1 15
Siphonaptera 2 4 6
Diptera 48 1893 10 7 93 46 97 1456
Raphidioptera 6 6
Megaloptera 4 4
Neuroptera 2 70 2 74
Strepsiptera 1 1 1 3
Coleoptera 770 3198 12 207 10 326 484 4934
Hymenoptera 1591 158 1749
Phthiraptera 1 1 4 16 22
Psocoptera 91 2 39 1 133
Hemiptera 155 284 1 3 255 467 114 1313
Thysanoptera 24 59 83
Odonata 403 20 1 11 432
Ephemeroptera 2 6 11 19
Zygentoma 3 2 1 6
Archaeognatha 5 2 7
Diplura
Collembola 17 10 21 53 101
Protura 3 1 2 5
Totals 1979 5582 21 361 25 25 12 159 1891 1215 2025 12452

The number of taxa reported for each type of sex determination system, the number of asexual species, and the number of taxa for which only chromosome number is available is indicated for each order of insects. The order of taxa matches the phylogeny in Figure 3.

aComplex XO.

bComplex XY.

cComplex ZW.

dHomomorphic.

eHaplodiploid.

fParthenogenetic.

gChromosome number only.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure