Table 2.
Sex determination systems across insects
XO | XY | C XOa | C XYb | ZO | ZW | C ZWc | Homd | HD/PGEe | Parthf | CNg | Taxa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orthoptera | 223 | 49 | — | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | — | 291 |
Notoptera | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 |
Phasmatodea | 69 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 37 | 25 | 144 |
Embiidina | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | 10 |
Blattodea | 108 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 3 | 113 |
Isoptera | 1 | 2 | — | 61 | — | — | — | 62 | — | — | 18 | 83 |
Mantodea | 60 | 1 | — | 40 | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 4 | 107 |
Plecoptera | 3 | 1 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | 16 |
Zoraptera | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 |
Dermaptera | 3 | 22 | — | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 54 |
Trichoptera | — | — | — | — | 15 | — | — | — | — | 6 | 23 | 44 |
Lepidoptera | — | — | — | — | 10 | 18 | 12 | — | — | 16 | 1163 | 1219 |
Mecoptera | 13 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 15 |
Siphonaptera | — | 2 | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 |
Diptera | 48 | 1893 | — | 10 | — | 7 | — | 93 | — | 46 | 97 | 1456 |
Raphidioptera | — | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 |
Megaloptera | — | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 |
Neuroptera | 2 | 70 | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74 |
Strepsiptera | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Coleoptera | 770 | 3198 | 12 | 207 | — | — | — | — | 10 | 326 | 484 | 4934 |
Hymenoptera | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1591 | 158 | — | 1749 |
Phthiraptera | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 4 | 16 | 22 |
Psocoptera | 91 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 39 | 1 | 133 |
Hemiptera | 155 | 284 | 1 | — | — | — | — | 3 | 255 | 467 | 114 | 1313 |
Thysanoptera | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24 | 59 | — | 83 |
Odonata | 403 | 20 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 11 | 432 |
Ephemeroptera | 2 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11 | — | 19 |
Zygentoma | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 1 | 6 |
Archaeognatha | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 2 | 7 |
Diplura | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Collembola | 17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | 21 | 53 | 101 |
Protura | — | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | 2 | 5 |
Totals | 1979 | 5582 | 21 | 361 | 25 | 25 | 12 | 159 | 1891 | 1215 | 2025 | 12452 |
The number of taxa reported for each type of sex determination system, the number of asexual species, and the number of taxa for which only chromosome number is available is indicated for each order of insects. The order of taxa matches the phylogeny in Figure 3.
aComplex XO.
bComplex XY.
cComplex ZW.
dHomomorphic.
eHaplodiploid.
fParthenogenetic.
gChromosome number only.