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. 2018 Dec 5;4(12):eaat6797. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6797

Fig. 6. Independently evolved O-methylation of benzoxazinoids and glucosinolates regulates defense and resistance.

Fig. 6

DIMBOA-Glc is required for callose induction in wheat and maize. Methylation of DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc reduces the DIMBOA-Glc pool and subsequently suppresses callose formation. The responsible OMTs, TaBX10 and ZmBX10–ZmBX12, evolved independently from each other. HDMBOA-Glc repels caterpillars, while DIMBOA-Glc reduces aphid growth, most likely by promoting callose formation. In Arabidopsis, methylation of the glucosinolate 4OH-I3M by IGMT1 and IGMT2 leads to the formation of 4MO-I3M, which is required for callose deposition in this species. 4MO-I3M increases aphid and pathogen resistance, most likely by promoting callose formation. IGMT1 and IGMT2 are only distantly related to cereal benzoxazinoid OMTs.