Table 1. The existing traditional chronology for the Iroquoian region of south-central Ontario up to the contact era in the second millennium CE [(1–4, 13, 14, 17, 18); see the Supplementary Materials].

Traditional chronology	Archeological phases	Sociocultural characteristics and key events
1000–1300	Early Iroquoian	Settlement is in base camps by seasonally mobile populations; limited agriculture.
1300–1350	Middle Iroquoian	Small villages, initiation of widespread interaction networks. Migration of early farming communitie to the north and east.
1350–1400		Small- to medium-sized, dispersed villages, extensive interregional interaction.
1400–1450	Late Iroquoian	Precoalescent; small villages clustered in major drainages.
1450–1500		Coalescence; formative aggregate towns, palisaded, with multiple palisade expansions. Some small villages remain. Internal conflict within the region.
1500–1550		Postcoalescent; initial nation formation. Consolidated aggregate towns. All settlements are palisaded, no evidence for expansions. Internal conflict in decline. Interregional interaction increases.
1550–1600	Protohistoric	Consolidation of nations. Consolidated aggregate towns (north shore of Lake Ontario), smaller, often unpalisaded village settlements (historic Wendake). Initiation of external conflict. First appearance of European-manufactured metals and glass beads (GBP I, ca. 1580–1600).
1600–1650	Contact era	Consolidation of Wendat confederacy. Population clusters in historic Wendake. Consolidated aggregate towns (southern Wendake), smaller village settlements (northern Wendake). Intensification of external conflict. Direct European contact, ca. 1608 (Etienne Brule); ca. 1615 (Champlain); ca. 1630s Jesuit presence increases. In 1650, the Wendat were dispersed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois). Extensive presence and diversification of European-manufactured metals and glass beads (GBP II, ca. 1600–1615/1620, GBP III ca. 1615/1620–1650).