Fig. 14.

A: Bifurcation diagram of the stable limit cycle of (10) with respect to parameter $g_M$. Stable limit cycles are represented by solid curves, while unstable limit cycles are drawn as dashed curves. The stable limit cycle at $g_M=1.5$ mS/cm² continues as $g_M$ decreases and terminates at $g_M^{\ast }\approx 0.67$ mS/cm² (phase delay limit cycles, top branch of stable limit cycles). The bottom branch of stable limit cycles corresponds to $1:1$ phase-locking when the I-cell fires consistently before the E-cell (phase advance limit cycles). B: Simulation of (10) with units when $g_M=0.65$ mS/cm². The stable limit cycle is on the bottom branch of the stable limit cycles in the bifurcation diagram in A. The I-cell does $1:1$ phase-lock to the E-cell. However, I-cell consistently spikes before the E-cell does, not immediately after the E-cell’s spikes. The voltage trace of the I-cell is in blue. The external pulses are in red