Table 1.

Proportion of Cr (VI), oxidic Ni, or soluble Ni found in chromium (Cr) or nickel (Ni) according to welding methods

Welding methods	Chemical species in Cr and Ni (%)
	Cr (VI)	Oxidic Ni	Soluble Ni
(1) Matczak et al., 199316) (2) Berlinger et al., 200919) (3) Cena et al., 201417) (4) Topham et al., 200918) (5) The percentage of oxidic nickel with the GTAW method was inferred to be 88%20). (6) The allotted percentage of soluble Ni with GTAW was 2.5%23). Abbreviations: SMAW: shielded metal arc welding; GTAW: gas tungsten arc welding; GMAW: gas metal arc welding.
SMAW	46.2 ± 5.0 (1)	33.0 ± 1.5 (2)	44.0 ± 2.0 (2)
GMAW	6.0 ± 5.4 (3)	79.0 ± 0.5 (2)	15.0 ± 0.5 (2)
GTAW	13.2 ± 2.5 (4)	88.0 ± 2.0 (5)	2.5 ± 0.5 (6)