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. 2018 Dec 5;9:5185. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07696-8

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© The Author(s 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — SUMO conjugation to FLS2 is flg22 dependant and required for innate immunity in Arabidopsis. a FLS2 is rapidly SUMOylated after flg22 treatment. Immunoprecipitation (IP: αGFP) was carried out with anti-GFP beads from total protein derived from two independent transgenic lines expressing _proFLS2::FLS2-GFP (fls2) treated either with MgCl₂ or 1 µM flg22 for 10 min. Immunoblots were probed with anti-GFP (IB: αGFP) or anti-SUMO1/2 (IB: αSUMO1) antibodies. Col-0 was used as a negative control. b Mutation of Lysine 1120 to Arginine in FLS2 (FLS2^K/R) abolishes SUMOylation. Immunoprecipitation was performed as described in (a). Two independent transgenic lines were analysed per genotype. c FLS2^K/R-GFP transgenics are insensitive to flg22-mediated growth inhibition. A representative image of Col-0, fls2 and two independent transgenic lines each of FLS2-GFP and FLS2^K/R-GFP seedlings in 1/2MS or 1/2MS with 250 nM flg22. Scale bar = 1 cm. d Quantification of root growth inhibition for Col-0, fls2, FLS2-GFP and FLS2^K/R-GFP transgenic lines. Four-day-old seedlings of the different genotypes were transferred to 1/2MS or 1/2MS with 250 nM flg22 and grown for additional 6 days before root lengths were measured. Data presented are means ± SE from at least 25 individual seedlings per genotype (Bars with different letters were significantly different from others; P < 0.05; two-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). e FLS2 is rapidly SUMOylated after virulent Pst DC3000 infection. Four-week-old transgenic lines expressing FLS2-GFP (#2) or FLS2^K/R-GFP (#4) proteins were dipped in Pst. Total protein was extracted after 4 h and immunoprecipitated (IP: αGFP) as described in (a). f FLS2 SUMOylation is required for immunity against P. syringae. Four-week-old rosettes of Col-0, fls2, FLS2-GFP, FLS2^K/R-GFP transgenic plants were dipped in liquid cultures of Pst. and colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted at day 0 and 3 days post-infection (dpi). Values are means ± SE from three independent biological replicates with 8–10 plants each replicate (N = 3; bars with different letters were significantly different from others; P < 0.05; two-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). g FLS2^K/R-GFP transgenics are more susceptible to Pst infection. Image of leaves from rosettes infected with Pst. in (f) were photographed five dpi