Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of T2DM subgroups patients.
| Characteristics | T2DM without any complication (n = 28) | T2DM with microvascular complicationsa (n = 15) | P-value | T2DM with macrovascular complicationsa (n = 25) | P-value | T2DM with both microvascular and macrovascular complicationsa (n = 25) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.43 ± 10.39 | 60.47 ± 10.78 | 0.046*# | 63.60 ± 10.29 | 0.003*# | 64.32 ± 11.98 | 0.001*# |
| Gender (male/female) | 16/12 | 5/10 | 0.137Δ | 9/16 | 0.124Δ | 9/16 | 0.124Δ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.77 ± 3.42 | 23.61 ± 3.63 | 0.998# | 25.04 ± 3.07 | 0.444# | 25.97 ± 3.51 | 0.077# |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.50 ± 1.90 | 1.55 ± 0.66 | 0.186∧ | 2.06 ± 1.24 | 1.000∧ | 2.21 ± 1.23 | 1.000∧ |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.12 ± 0.18 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 0.851# | 1.16 ± 0.27 | 0.875# | 1.15 ± 0.23 | 0.909# |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.82 ± 0.75 | 2.85 ± 0.60 | 1.000∧ | 2.92 ± 0.92 | 1.000∧ | 3.23 ± 0.94 | 0.276∧ |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.10 ± 1.09 | 4.60 ± 0.88 | 0.516∧ | 8.02 ± 14.68 | 1.000∧ | 5.45 ± 1.19 | 0.747∧ |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 8.97 ± 3.91 | 9.07 ± 2.78 | 1.000∧ | 11.49 ± 10.12 | 1.000∧ | 11.13 ± 6.15 | 0.414∧ |
| Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (IU/L) | 27.21 ± 12.28 | 19.00 ± 10.40 | 0.930∧ | 20.86 ± 11.10 | 0.138∧ | 19.63 ± 8.00 | 0.090∧ |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L) | 67.21 ± 24.81 | 71.00 ± 22.74 | 1.000∧ | 70.00 ± 32.76 | 1.000∧ | 77.33 ± 23.38 | 0.204∧ |
| Blood uric acid (umol/L) | 347.00 ± 103.20 | 326.20 ± 107.65 | 0.711∧ | 360.70 ± 98.74 | 1.000∧ | 415.00 ± 130.93 | 0.072∧ |
| Postprandial blood glucose (mmol/L) | 15.98 ± 4.92 | 16.51 ± 4.11 | 0.978# | 15.34 ± 4.66 | 0.941# | 14.80 ± 4.61 | 0.768# |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.53 ± 2.86 | 9.80 ± 2.21 | 0.984# | 9.61 ± 3.23 | 0.999# | 8.56 ± 2.05 | 0.550# |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/ml) | 1.48 ± 1.35 | 0.83 ± 0.38 | 0.339# | 1.57 ± 0.90 | 0.990# | 1.95 ± 1.65 | 0.464# |
| Postprandial 1 h C-peptide (ng/ml) | 3.04 ± 2.26 | 1.79 ± 0.78 | 0.360# | 2.87 ± 1.87 | 0.991# | 1.68 ± 1.54 | 0.397# |
| Postprandial 2 h C-peptide (ng/ml) | 3.45 ± 2.75 | 2.44 ± 1.29 | 0.658# | 5.47 ± 3.72 | 0.077# | 3.76 ± 2.99 | 0.979# |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 93.79 ± 16.25 | 78.26 ± 15.05 | 0.117# | 79.16 ± 15.05 | 0.067# | 79.16 ± 18.97 | 0.010*# |
| Abnormal-microalbuminuria [n(%)] | 8 (28.57%) | 6 (40.00%) | 0.446Δ | 8 (32.00%) | 0.768Δ | 15 (60.00%) | 0.021*Δ |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 4.64 ± 4.65 | 6.22 ± 4.81 | 0.753# | 7.59 ± 7.39 | 0.184Δ | 8.66 ± 5.50 | 0.039*# |
| Current smoking [n(%)] | 9 (32.14%) | 4 (26.67%) | 0.709Δ | 4 (16.00%) | 0.173Δ | 6 (24.00%) | 0.511Δ |
| Current drinking [n(%)] | 3 (10.71%) | 1 (6.67%) | 0.663Δ | 1 (4.00%) | 0.356Δ | 1 (4.00%) | 0.356Δ |
| Only Oral DM medication [n(%)] | 4 (14.29%) | 1 (6.67%) | 0.458Δ | 6 (24.00%) | 0.367Δ | 8 (32.00%) | 0.124Δ |
| Only Insulin treatment [n(%)] | 6 (21.43%) | 3 (20.00%) | 0.913Δ | 1 (4.00%) | 0.061Δ | 3 (12.00%) | 0.361Δ |
| Both Oral DM medication and insulin treatment [n(%)] | 17 (60.71%) | 11 (73.33%) | 0.408Δ | 18 (72.00%) | 0.386Δ | 14 (56.00%) | 0.728Δ |
Data are shown as the means ± standard deviation or number (%).
a
vs. T2DM patients without any complication;
*
P < 0.05; The bold in the table means statistically significant. (P < 0.05).
#
The P-value of One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Dunnett method,
Δ
the P-value of χ2 test and Bonferroni correction;
∧
the P of Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni's correction.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.