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. 2018 Nov 29;9:2400. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02400

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Copyright © 2018 Wåhlén, Ghafouri, Ghafouri and Gerdle.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Orthogonal partial least squares regression analysis model HADS-total in the CWP. (A) Loading plot corresponding to proteins with a VIP value >1.0 associated to psychological distress are illustrated. The proteins with strongest association to psychological distress are the immunity proteins complement factor B and complement C1r subcomponent and the iron ion homeostasis protein hemopexin. (B) Score plot showing a within group separation among CWP based on reported HADS-total score. The plot shows that CWP patients are grouped as normal (0–14), mild (15–20), and moderate (21–28) psychological distress. CWP, chronic widespread pain; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; VIP, variable influence on projection; OPLS, orthogonal partial least squares regression analysis.