Table 2.

Sepsis-induced immunosuppression—association of monocyte surface HLA-DR expression with sepsis severity in neonates and adults with sepsis.

Adult or neonatal GA	Cohort sepsis characteristics (n) and mortality (if applicable)	Time of blood sampling and age at sepsis	Observation in septic cohort	References
Adult	Septic shock: 38 - Survivors: 22 - Non-survivors: 16 Mortality within 28 days after diagnosis. Time from sepsis onset to death not described	Blood samples were taken on days 1–2, 3–4, 5–7, and 8–15 days following initial suspicion of sepsisMean age at sepsis:64 years (95% CI 59–69)	Decreased % HLA-DR expression in septic shock Significantly lower % HLA-DR expression in non-survivors compared to survivors	(52)
Adult	Sepsis: 61 - Survivors: 41 - Non-survivors: 20 Time from sepsis onset to death not described	Blood sample was taken on day of admission and the next dayMedian (IQR) age at sepsis in years:Survivors 52.5 (36–61.5)Non-survivors 54.5 (42.5–62.5)	Decreased HLA-DR expression in sepsis. Significantly lower in non-survivors compared to survivors	(59)
Adult	Organ dysfunction during sepsis: 37 SIRS: 13 Healthy control: 20	Blood sample was taken within 24 h of sepsis developmentMedian (IQR) age at sepsis:69.4 (±2.7) years	Progressive significant decrease in CD14/HLA-DR expression in the organ dysfunction during sepsis group	(61)
Adult	Sepsis/septic shock: 20 Post-surgical inflammation: 20 Non-sepsis controls: 10	Blood sample was taken within 24 h of study inclusionMedian (IQR) age at sepsis:60 (53–67) years	Decreased HLA-DR surface protein and mRNA expression in sepsis/septic shock TNFα:HLA-DR ratio correlates negatively with SOFA score	(62)
Adult	Sepsis: 17 - Survivor: 6 - Non-survivors: 11 Non-sepsis controls: 10 Healthy control: 12 Time to mortality: During 1st septic episode n = 9 During 2nd septic episode n = 2 Time from sepsis onset to death not described	Blood sample was taken upon admission to the studyMean (±SEM) age at sepsis:71 (±5) years	HLA-DR expression significantly decreased in sepsis group. HLA-DR expression was significantly lower in non-survivors, compared to survivors 6 of 17 with sepsis later developed nosocomial infections	(63)
Mix of preterm andTerm(mean GA 37.5 ± 3.8)	Clinical (n = 22) and confirmed (n = 18) LOS: 40 - Survivor: 32 - Non-survivor: 8 Non-sepsis disorder: 24 Controls: 25 Time to mortality: during hospital stay. Time from sepsis onset to death not described	Sample collection time not describedMean (±SD) age at sepsis:16.3 (±5.8) days	Significantly lower HLA-DR expression in sepsis group HLA-DR expression was significantly lower in non-survivors compared to survivors No significant difference HLA-DR expression between term and preterm No significant difference HLA-DR expression between clinical and confirmed LOS	(64)
Mix of moderate preterm and term (median GA 36; IQR 32–39 wks)	Clinical (n = 42) and confirmed (n = 21) EOS and LOS: 63 -Survivor: 50 -Non-survivor: 13 Non-sepsis: 37 Controls: 29 Mortality <30 days n = 13 Time from sepsis onset to death not described	Blood sample taken upon initial suspicion of sepsisMedian (IQR) age at sepsis:4 (2–11) days	HLA-DR expression was significantly decreased in the sepsis group. Lower, but not significantly, in non-survivors compared to survivors	(65)
Preterm (mean GA 31 ± 2 weeks)	EOS: 22 - Mild sepsis: not described -Severe sepsis: not described Controls: Not described	Blood samples taken at admission to NICU during first 48 h of life, during infection, and recoveryMean age at sepsis: Not described	Percent of HLA-DR positive monocytes significantly recovered in those with mild sepsis. Percent expression of HLA-DR on monocytes significantly dropped followed by a significant recovery in those with severe sepsis	(66)*

HLA-DR, Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR isotype; GA, gestational age; LOS, late-onset sepsis; EOS, early-onset sepsis; VLBW, very low birth weight; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SD, standard deviation; IQR, inter-quartile range.

^*Conference abstract only, limited data available.