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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 15.
Published in final edited form as: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018 Jun 6;353:23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.003

Fig. 6. Sulforaphane (SFN) increased Cd(II)-induced autophagy in untransformed and Cd(II)-transformed cells.

Fig. 6

(A) Schematic illustration of detection of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. The mCherry-GFP-LC3-PE reporter is red and green when it associates with phagophores (also called isolation membranes) and autophagosomes (PE denotes phosphatidylethanolamine). After fusion with lysosomes to form autolysosomes, GFP signal is quenched by the acidic condition. (B) Sulforaphane increases Cd(II)-induced autophagy in untransformed BEAS-2BR cells and Cd(II)-transformed BEAS-2BR cells. Passage-matched untransformed cells (BEAS-2BR) (left) and Cd(II)-transformed cells (BEAS-2B-Cd) (right) were transfected with the mCherry-EGFP-LC3 construct. The cells were treated with Cd(II), sulforaphane (SFN), or Cd(II) together with SFN for 24 h. Images were captured using fluorescence microscope.