Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted* regression of association between alcohol consumption and changes in bone mineral density among PLWH and substance dependence or ever injection drug use (n=234)
| Independent Variable | % change in femoral neck BMD | % change in total hip BMD | % change in total spine BMD | > 6% annual decrease any site | Any fracture past year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||||
| β (p) | adj. β (p) | β (p) | adj. β (p) | β (p) | adj. β (p) | OR (95% CI) | adj. OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | adj. OR (95% CI) | |
|
| ||||||||||
| Mean alcohol consumption (g/day) | −0.0097 (0.24) | −0.0032 (0.75) | −0.0028 (0.57) | −0.0009 (0.87) | −0.0002 (0.97) | −0.0060 (0.41) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Mean no. of heavy drinking days | −0.0200 (0.67) | 0.0339 (0.53) | −0.0058 (0.84) | −0.0010 (0.98) | −0.0147 (0.68) | −0.0237 (0.55) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Mean no. of days abstinent | 0.0268 (0.50) | −0.0057 (0.90) | 0.0054 (0.83) | 0.0053 (0.84) | 0.0221 (0.46) | 0.0380 (0.25) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.18) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Mean alcohol consumption (drinks/day) | ||||||||||
| 0.7–1.7 vs. 0–<0.7 | 0.0116 | 0.2678 | −0.4746 | −0.7609 | 0.0128 | −0.3538 | 0.80 (0.29, 2.22) | 0.86 (0.25, 2.89) | 0.61 (0.13, 2.85) | 0.62 (0.11, 3.54) |
| >1.7 vs. 0–<0.7 | −0.4151 (0.82) | 0.2980 (0.91) | −0.0822 (0.68) | 0.1016 (0.32) | −0.3326 (0.81) | −0.8043 (0.36) | 1.07 (0.51, 2.22) | 1.10 (0.40, 3.03) | 0.65 (0.20, 2.05) | 0.54 (0.13, 2.32) |
|
| ||||||||||
| Heavy Drinking | ||||||||||
| Not heavy vs. abstinent | 0.5186 | 0.3658 | 0.4461 | 0.3419 | −0.2611 | −0.7427 | 0.48 (0.17, 1.36) | 0.71 (0.20, 2.49) | 0.39 (0.10, 1.60) | 0.38 (0.07, 2.04) |
| Heavy vs. abstinent | −0.8159 | −0.8463 | −0.3422 | −0.4459 | 0.2175 | −0.0576 | 0.96 (0.41, 2.24) | 1.54 (0.50, 4.78) | 0.68 (0.22, 2.12) | 0.68 (0.15, 3.17) |
| Very heavy vs. abstinent | −0.1452 (0.49) | −0.4597 (0.41) | −0.1433 (0.51) | −0.1322 (0.55) | −0.3109 (0.81) | −0.7380 (0.48) | 0.78 (0.35, 1.77) | 1.05 (0.34, 3.21) | 0.41 (0.13, 1.35) | 0.36 (0.08, 1.70) |
Adj.=adjusted
OR= odds ratio
BMD=bone mineral density
*
Covariates adjusted for included: age, sex, race/ethnicity, duration of HIV infection, NIAAA drinking group, DXA machine used, lifetime drinking volume, years of regular cocaine use, tenofovir use, menopause, ever injection drug use, body mass index, current smoker, CD4 cell count, calcium, weight bearing physical activity, total 25(OH)D ng/mL, recent cocaine use, recent opioid use, and current ART use.